Java

• At the hardware level -> Optimizations -> Yes but not easy to control
• Assembly -> Instructions -> possible but not easy
• LLVM / Virtual Machine -> Intermediate Representation/Target -> One of best optimized for the JVM
• Logic -> How easy is it to write something performant -> Good abstractions but questionable performance
• Standard Library -> Do we have to rewrite parts? -> File reading
• Ideas -> Pivoting to new ideas -> Not that hard
• How well can we measure performance -> Control and Iteration -> with JMH/JVM tooling
• Ecosystem -> Do people care? -> Yes, but there is a lot of fragmentation